From the system of institutionalized corruption to corruption
Guangzhou's public line business people began to build a fund: each company to pay out 10% of profits, shared pool of funds deposited. And its role as participants in addition to the insurance industry, the more the government in response to the endless stream of extortion and greed in the face of strong public authority, business people hold together for warmth, joint bribery, cost-sharing, and this fund use strict collective regulation. This is a rather large clear louboutin homme characteristics of the institutional innovation. This innovation, quickly toward the internationalization: all with public line foreign commercial dealings, are required to pay 3% of the value of the goods as regulatory ceremony, rolled into the pool of funds to achieve risk-sharing, Liyijunzhan this fund, called the line commission that public row extracted commission, also known as line with that public utility lines needed for mulberry outlet york the gold. English name was Consoo Fund (hall Fund), where the term Consoo, namely Chinese, hall transliteration line commission, the inventor of the public line of business people, also known as salesmen, they are more famous a title, the Guangzhou escarpin louboutin pas chere Thirteen. Scholars generally believed Thirteen does not mean 13 salesmen, but generally refers to the government's authority to obtain a monopoly of foreign trade salesmen who are always in oakley sport discount constant change in their number, and reason with Thirteen this name is more likely that foreign makers because it was opened in Guangzhou, Yi Museum has 13 December 25, 1720, is commonly regarded as public line set up time. That day, the city's largest peddler who slaughtered chickens vows in front of the statue, regulation entered into line 13, to form a similar trust of the trade union. Participate vows chaussures jordan pas cher peddler with 16, including five top row, second five, three, six, funds allocated by rating. The agency in the next year in foreign and non-peddler of Chinese businessmen joint opposition, quietly abolished many scholars, including the country's foreign cadres Qing, a famous scholar Thomas, will be in 1720 as the origin of Thirteen, Obviously, this is to confuse the concept of Thirteen and public row. Prior to the nature of this industry association organizations public line was established, it has long existed Thirteen. 1937 scholar 梁嘉彬 in its Guangdong Thirteen test that, in 1720, is nothing but the beginning of a year to thirteen salesmen, co-organized (public line) of it. He believes doudoune parajumpers that before 1685 Emperor set up a Guangdong Customs, it has been the existence of thirteen rows. This argument has been well-known historians Wu Han approval. And, according to Wu Han records Xiao ting the viceroy Wu Xingzuo played trade ship, Shihsanhang, further inference Thirteen of the legislature, when Kangxi twenty-one to two years (1682-1685 years) between four things.
Thirteen appears, and is a direct product of the Qing Empire Boycott lifted. 1684, Emperor Kangxi 31 years, said: First because of pirates, it is not open to the Boycott Now that this pirate surrendered, but what are pending.. Thus, the implementation of the 28-year ban on maritime trade was abolished, and in the second Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang was established four customs, especially in Guangzhou Customs largest Notably, although most are foreign customs departments as the Chinese empire, but in fact, four Customs has implemented a dual leadership : nominally the Ministry of Finance (the Ministry) of the agency, in fact, the leadership, but the emperor in the private pjs sector, the Imperial Household 'hands all customs and most of the normally closed (located on the land of tariff mechanism), which is the head of the Imperial Household per capita birth. Customs oakley active discount charge off poor, with the management of salt, canal, river water is also the most lucrative. Customs and Excise (Cus